According to the estimate of the World Food and Agriculture Organization of FAO (FAO), on average, each person needs 70 grams of protein per day, of which about 21 grams should be provided from animal sources. Red meat, white meat (including poultry and fish), and dairy products are the only sources of animal protein needed by humans.
The food needed by humans comes naturally from 3 sources. These sources are:
Agriculture, animal husbandry and fishing. Agriculture is generally limited due to limited suitable land and lack of sufficient water, and ultimately its ability to increase does not keep pace with population growth. Animal husbandry is the same. So in the future, how can we feed the hungry stomachs of billions of people on the earth? It is obvious that mankind can increase the amount of production per unit area with the advancement of technology, but these increases will not meet the needs anyway.
In the last few decades, people have come to the conclusion that cultivation can be a solution to some extent, because with this method, production beyond the current products of agriculture, animal husbandry and fishing can be provided. As mentioned earlier, in cultivation, you can use the capabilities and facilities that are not suitable for agriculture and animal husbandry.
History of aquaculture in Iran
Despite having more than 2700 kilometers of water borders in the north and south of the country, and the existence of abundant water resources in different parts of the country, aquaculture in Iran has a very short history. Although measures have been taken in the second decade of the last century for the reproduction of sturgeon fish in a primitive way by Russian experts, despite this, the establishment of an independent fish breeding and breeding workshop dates back to 1341. In this year, the first fish breeding and breeding workshop Iran was established in Karaj. From the very beginning, this workshop started breeding rainbow salmon. The first breeding and breeding workshop for warm water fish (including carp, grass carp, silver carp and large head carp) was established in 1351 in the south of Rasht. This workshop, which is owned by Sefid Roud Animal Husbandry Joint Stock Company, is currently the largest fish breeding unit in the country and has more than 1000 hectares of fish breeding ponds. The first fish breeding and breeding workshop related to fisheries, which was built in order to increase the stock of sturgeon in Mazandaran Sea, is the Shahid Beheshti workshop (former Sangar Dam), whose construction began in 1348 and its operation began in 1350.
The construction of fish breeding and breeding workshops is increasing every year. Anyway, so far, all the work has been done on breeding Chinese carp and salmon, and despite the existence of many conditions and facilities, unlike other countries, significant work has been done on the reproduction and breeding of marine fish, shrimps (crustaceans) and oysters. (molluscs) has not been done. In recent years, proper measures have been taken to breed suitable types of Persian Gulf shrimp, and one or two imported types, and it is hoped that in the not too distant future, the reproduction and breeding of marine aquatics will grow and develop significantly.
Breeding of pearl oysters and nucleating in them, in order to produce cultured pearls, has started in the last few years, and currently one or two private sectors and fisheries research and executive departments are working in this field. This work also has a good future and it is hoped that the Persian Gulf will once again regain its ancient greatness for the production of pearls.
Closed fish breeding
In recent years, the consumption of fish has increased significantly in most countries, and the reproduction and cultivation of fish as a source of protein has made this work become an important business in developed countries. Fish is very sensitive to the factors of the water environment in which it lives, such as PH, O 2, NH 4, and other biochemical and biological factors, and it is necessary that these factors remain constant in a certain and normal range. Considering this growing need, it has been tried to improve the environmental factors and improve the quality of production and shorten the breeding period for ultra-dense fish breeding.
The age of using the circulation system of aquaculture is about two decades, which was used for the first time in Denmark and is now used in European countries (in particular). At present, this system is used for hydrothermal and subterranean aquaculture. The method of using the system of both methods is the same, but factors such as temperature, oxygen, etc. are different in breeding different aquatic animals, which must be regulated and controlled.
In a closed system where the water used by fish is depleted in terms of oxygen and its toxic substances and wastes are increased, by removing suspended substances by microfilter and converting the produced ammonium into nitrite and nitrate below the limit by biofilters and injecting pure liquid oxygen by In the mixing and disinfection reactors, the water is recovered and reused. In this physical and chemical treatment, accuracy and speed are necessary, so that the slightest disturbance in the treatment and regeneration process causes severe mortality of aquatic animals that use the returned water. Such delicacy makes the water quality control to be done permanently and the purification process is done without the slightest stop. For this reason, automation plays an important role in the correct operation of such a system.
After measuring the vital factors in the water used by the fish, they analyze the obtained information. Such a need causes the industry to play an important role in measuring factors and analyzing and correcting them.
Physical and chemical purification and reclamation of water in a closed system is effective in water consumption and the dimensions of the desired land and minimizes the growth time, so that a product can be offered to the market several times in a year. Temperature control is another important factor that reduces the breeding period.
In this system, the factors needed to feed the fish are in favorable conditions. As a result, the consumption of food is saved and finally the expenses are also reduced, which is one of the advantages of this system.
The parts of the closed system are: several concrete ponds, microfilter, circulation pump, biological filter, aeration pump, liquid oxygen injection cone, control room, engine generator, UV ray, automatic feeder, etc.
How the CCTV system works
The overall goal in a closed aquaculture system is to reuse water and increase fish density in breeding ponds. According to the calculations, by reviving the water and creating suitable living conditions in the pools, with high density, water consumption can be reduced by one-seventh, which in turn creates a transformation in cultivating and spreading it in farms that have little water and land. brings For example, in a salmon farm with a capacity of 50 tons, the amount of fresh water needed is 500 liters per second and the area of the pools is five thousand square meters, but in a circulating water system with the same capacity, the water used is seven liters per second and the area of the pools is reduced to 250 square meters.
The operation of the closed system of fish breeding is based on the circulation of water in the ponds and its regeneration in terms of the required oxygen, disposal of waste materials, purification of toxic substances, pH regulation and disinfection. To control each of the mentioned factors and create healthy conditions, the use of the automatic method of measuring, controlling and keeping each of these factors within the permissible limits is allowed, which makes the presence of new industry and technology necessary in every fish farm.
Using a computer in such a system not only does not achieve these things, but with the use of appropriate software, accurate statistics and information in all fields related to breeding are available at any moment. Also, diagnosis and treatment of possible diseases in swimming pools is done by computer. Today, the condition of the farm is controlled by telephone lines from any desired point and from kilometers away because computer systems have made this kind of remote communication possible.
Circulating water systems for fish farming are built with different facilities according to the selection of desired capabilities, which are generally common but each has different capabilities
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